Next.js Interview Questions Your Guide to Success

Next.js, a powerful React framework, is essential for building modern web applications with server-side rendering capabilities, making it a crucial skill for frontend and full-stack developers. Stark.ai offers a curated collection of Next.js interview questions, real-world scenarios, and expert guidance to help you excel in your next technical interview.

Next.js Basics & Setup 10
Routing & Navigation 9
Data Fetching 10
Server Side Rendering (SSR) 9
Static Site Generation (SSG) 9
API Routes 9
Pages & Components 9
Layouts & Styling 9
State Management 9
Image Optimization 10
Authentication & Authorization 9
Performance Optimization 9
Middleware & Configuration 10
Testing & Debugging 10

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nextjs

Next.js Basics & Setup
- How do you implement custom server configuration?
  
  Custom server configuration requires creating server.js file, implementing custom routing logic, and modifying...
- How do you configure webpack in Next.js?
  
  Webpack configuration is customized in next.config.js using webpack function. Can modify loaders, plugins, and other...
- How do you implement CI/CD for Next.js?
  
  CI/CD implementation includes setting up build pipelines, automated testing, deployment scripts. Configure with...
- How do you handle project aliases and paths?
  
  Configure path aliases in tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json using baseUrl and paths. Supports absolute imports and...
- How do you implement build time optimizations?
  
  Build optimizations include code splitting, tree shaking, image optimization, and bundle analysis. Configure in...
- How do you handle static file serving?
  
  Static files are served from public directory. Support automatic optimization for images. Configure caching headers...
- How do you implement project architecture?
  
  Project architecture includes directory structure, code organization, module patterns. Consider scalability,...
- How do you handle dependency management?
  
  Dependency management includes version control, package updates, security audits. Use package managers effectively....
- How do you implement code quality tools?
  
  Code quality tools include ESLint, Prettier, TypeScript. Configure linting rules. Implement pre-commit hooks. Handle...
- How do you handle project documentation?
  
  Project documentation includes README, API docs, component documentation. Use tools like Storybook. Implement...
Routing & Navigation
- How do you implement route interceptors?
  
  Route interceptors use (.) convention in App Router. Intercept routes while preserving context. Handle overlays and...
- How do you handle route loading states?
  
  Create loading.js files for automatic loading UI. Support Suspense boundaries. Handle streaming and progressive...
- How do you implement route middleware?
  
  Create middleware.ts in project root. Handle route protection, redirects, headers. Support conditional execution....
- How do you handle route transitions?
  
  Implement custom transition effects using hooks and components. Handle loading states. Support animation libraries....
- How do you implement route protection?
  
  Use middleware or page components for authentication checks. Handle redirects. Support role-based access. Implement...
- How do you handle route prefetching?
  
  Control prefetching with prefetch prop on Link component. Implement custom prefetch logic. Handle data preloading....
- How do you implement route rewriting?
  
  Configure rewrites in next.config.js. Handle URL transformation. Support pattern matching. Implement rewrite conditions.
- How do you handle route redirects?
  
  Configure redirects in next.config.js or use redirect helper. Handle permanent/temporary redirects. Support redirect...
- How do you implement route optimization?
  
  Optimize route performance through code splitting, prefetching, caching. Handle route priorities. Implement...
Data Fetching
- How do you implement request waterfalls?
  
  Handle sequential data fetching where each request depends on previous results. Manage dependencies between...
- How do you handle data revalidation?
  
  Implement on-demand revalidation using revalidatePath or revalidateTag. Handle time-based revalidation. Support...
- How do you optimize data fetching?
  
  Implement request deduplication, caching strategies, parallel fetching. Handle data preloading. Support prefetching....
- How do you handle error boundaries?
  
  Create error.js files for error handling. Implement fallback content. Support error recovery. Handle error...
- How do you implement data mutations?
  
  Use Server Actions or API routes for data mutations. Handle optimistic updates. Support rollback mechanisms....
- How do you handle real-time data?
  
  Implement WebSocket connections or server-sent events. Handle real-time updates. Support data synchronization....
- How do you implement data validation?
  
  Validate data on server and client side. Handle validation errors. Support schema validation. Implement validation...
- How do you handle data persistence?
  
  Implement client-side storage strategies. Handle offline support. Support data synchronization. Implement...
- How do you implement data prefetching?
  
  Use prefetch methods or preload data during build. Handle route prefetching. Support data preloading. Implement...
- How do you handle data security?
  
  Implement secure data fetching patterns. Handle authentication/authorization. Support data encryption. Implement...
Server Side Rendering (SSR)
- How do you implement SSR optimization?
  
  Use streaming, caching, code splitting. Handle resource optimization. Support performance monitoring. Implement...
- How do you handle SSR with authentication?
  
  Implement server-side authentication checks. Handle protected routes. Support session management. Implement auth strategies.
- How do you implement SSR middleware?
  
  Create middleware for request processing. Handle request transformation. Support middleware chain. Implement custom logic.
- How do you handle SSR with third-party libraries?
  
  Handle library compatibility issues. Support SSR-specific configurations. Implement integration strategies. Manage...
- How do you implement SSR headers?
  
  Set custom headers for SSR responses. Handle caching headers. Support security headers. Implement header management.
- How do you handle SSR with state management?
  
  Implement server-side state initialization. Handle state hydration. Support state serialization. Implement state strategies.
- How do you implement SSR with i18n?
  
  Handle server-side translations. Support locale detection. Implement translation loading. Manage language switching.
- How do you handle SSR performance monitoring?
  
  Track SSR metrics and performance. Handle monitoring integration. Support debugging tools. Implement monitoring strategies.
- How do you implement SSR testing?
  
  Create server-side rendering tests. Handle integration testing. Support unit testing. Implement test utilities.
Static Site Generation (SSG)
- How do you implement ISR revalidation?
  
  Set revalidate time in fetch options. Handle on-demand revalidation. Support revalidation triggers. Implement...
- How do you handle large datasets in SSG?
  
  Implement pagination or chunking. Handle build performance. Support incremental builds. Implement data management strategies.
- How do you optimize build time?
  
  Implement build optimization strategies. Handle parallel generation. Support incremental builds. Implement caching...
- How do you handle dynamic content in SSG?
  
  Use client-side fetching for dynamic data. Implement hybrid approaches. Support progressive enhancement. Handle...
- How do you implement preview mode?
  
  Enable preview mode for draft content. Handle authentication. Support preview routes. Implement preview strategies.
- How do you handle build errors?
  
  Implement error handling during build. Support fallback content. Handle partial builds. Implement error reporting.
- How do you implement build caching?
  
  Use build cache for faster builds. Handle cache invalidation. Support incremental builds. Implement cache strategies.
- How do you handle internationalization?
  
  Generate static pages for multiple locales. Handle locale routing. Support translation loading. Implement i18n strategies.
- How do you implement build monitoring?
  
  Track build metrics and performance. Handle build analytics. Support debugging tools. Implement monitoring strategies.
API Routes
- How do you implement API rate limiting?
  
  Implement rate limiting middleware. Track request counts. Set rate limits. Handle limit exceeded responses. Support...
- How do you handle API authentication?
  
  Implement authentication middleware. Verify tokens or credentials. Handle protected routes. Support different auth...
- How do you implement API caching?
  
  Cache API responses. Handle cache invalidation. Set cache headers. Implement caching strategies. Support different...
- How do you handle API validation?
  
  Validate request data using schemas or validation libraries. Handle validation errors. Return appropriate error...
- How do you implement API logging?
  
  Log API requests and responses. Track performance metrics. Handle error logging. Implement logging strategies....
- How do you handle API versioning?
  
  Implement version control in API routes. Handle backwards compatibility. Support multiple versions. Implement...
- How do you implement response compression?
  
  Enable response compression middleware. Handle different compression types. Set appropriate headers. Implement...
- How do you handle API documentation?
  
  Generate API documentation. Implement OpenAPI/Swagger. Support documentation updates. Implement documentation strategies.
- How do you implement API monitoring?
  
  Track API performance and usage. Handle monitoring integration. Support analytics. Implement monitoring strategies.
Pages & Components
- How do you implement code splitting?
  
  Use dynamic imports, route-based splitting, component-based splitting. Handle lazy loading. Support chunk...
- How do you handle component optimization?
  
  Implement performance optimizations. Use React.memo, useMemo, useCallback. Support component caching. Implement...
- How do you implement component composition?
  
  Create reusable component patterns. Handle component hierarchy. Support component inheritance. Implement composition...
- How do you handle component styling?
  
  Use CSS Modules, styled-components, or other styling solutions. Handle dynamic styles. Support theme systems....
- How do you implement component testing?
  
  Create unit tests, integration tests. Handle component rendering. Support interaction testing. Implement test strategies.
- How do you handle form components?
  
  Implement form handling logic. Handle validation. Support form submission. Implement form state management. Handle...
- How do you implement component libraries?
  
  Create reusable component collections. Handle component documentation. Support theming. Implement component versioning.
- How do you handle component animations?
  
  Implement animation libraries or CSS transitions. Handle animation states. Support transition effects. Implement...
- How do you implement accessibility?
  
  Follow ARIA standards. Handle keyboard navigation. Support screen readers. Implement accessibility patterns.
Layouts & Styling
- How do you implement theme systems?
  
  Create theme providers and consumers. Handle theme switching. Support dark mode. Implement theme configuration....
- How do you handle CSS optimization?
  
  Implement CSS minification, purging, and bundling. Handle critical CSS. Support CSS splitting. Implement...
- How do you implement grid systems?
  
  Create responsive grid layouts. Handle grid areas. Support grid templates. Implement grid components. Manage grid...
- How do you handle CSS-in-JS performance?
  
  Optimize runtime performance. Handle style extraction. Support server-side generation. Implement performance strategies.
- How do you implement responsive images?
  
  Use Next.js Image component. Handle srcset and sizes. Support art direction. Implement image optimization. Manage...
- How do you handle CSS variables?
  
  Implement CSS custom properties. Handle variable scoping. Support dynamic values. Implement theme systems. Manage...
- How do you implement layout patterns?
  
  Create reusable layout components. Handle layout composition. Support layout variations. Implement common patterns.
- How do you handle CSS animations?
  
  Implement CSS transitions and keyframes. Handle animation states. Support animation libraries. Implement animation patterns.
- How do you implement style testing?
  
  Create visual regression tests. Handle style snapshots. Support style assertions. Implement testing strategies.
State Management
- How do you implement state machines?
  
  Use state machine libraries like XState. Handle state transitions. Support finite states. Implement state machine patterns.
- How do you handle real-time state?
  
  Implement WebSocket or Server-Sent Events. Handle real-time updates. Support state synchronization. Implement...
- How do you implement state middleware?
  
  Create middleware for state operations. Handle state transformations. Support middleware chain. Implement middleware...
- How do you handle state versioning?
  
  Implement state version control. Handle state migrations. Support backwards compatibility. Implement versioning patterns.
- How do you implement state selectors?
  
  Create selectors for state derivation. Handle memoization. Support selector composition. Implement selector patterns.
- How do you handle state validation?
  
  Implement state validation rules. Handle validation errors. Support schema validation. Implement validation patterns.
- How do you implement state logging?
  
  Create state change logs. Handle state debugging. Support logging middleware. Implement logging patterns.
- How do you handle state synchronization?
  
  Implement state sync between clients. Handle conflict resolution. Support offline state. Implement sync patterns.
- How do you implement state testing?
  
  Create state management tests. Handle state assertions. Support integration testing. Implement test patterns.
Image Optimization
- How do you implement art direction?
  
  Use different images for different screen sizes. Handle responsive images. Support art direction patterns. Implement...
- How do you handle image preloading?
  
  Use priority prop for LCP images. Handle critical images. Support preload strategies. Implement performance optimization.
- How do you implement custom loaders?
  
  Create custom image loaders. Handle external image services. Support custom optimization. Implement loader strategies.
- How do you handle image caching?
  
  Configure cache headers. Handle browser caching. Support CDN caching. Implement caching strategies.
- How do you optimize SVG images?
  
  Handle SVG optimization. Support inline SVGs. Handle SVG sprites. Implement SVG optimization strategies.
- How do you handle image accessibility?
  
  Implement alt text. Handle role attributes. Support screen readers. Implement accessibility patterns.
- How do you implement image error handling?
  
  Handle loading errors. Support fallback images. Implement error states. Handle error reporting.
- How do you handle dynamic images?
  
  Load images dynamically. Handle dynamic sources. Support runtime optimization. Implement dynamic patterns.
- How do you implement image testing?
  
  Create image component tests. Handle visual testing. Support integration testing. Implement test patterns.
- How do you handle image loading performance?
  
  Monitor loading metrics. Handle performance optimization. Support performance tracking. Implement loading strategies.
Authentication & Authorization
- How do you implement password hashing?
  
  Use bcrypt or similar libraries. Handle password storage. Support password validation. Implement secure hashing....
- How do you handle refresh tokens?
  
  Implement token refresh logic. Handle token rotation. Support silent refresh. Implement refresh strategies. Manage...
- How do you implement social login?
  
  Configure social providers. Handle OAuth integration. Support user profile mapping. Implement login flow. Manage...
- How do you handle permission systems?
  
  Implement granular permissions. Handle permission checks. Support permission groups. Implement access control lists....
- How do you implement two-factor authentication?
  
  Support 2FA methods. Handle verification codes. Implement backup codes. Support authentication apps. Manage 2FA setup.
- How do you handle authentication errors?
  
  Implement error handling. Support error messages. Handle recovery flows. Implement error logging. Manage error states.
- How do you implement password reset?
  
  Handle reset flow. Support reset tokens. Implement email notifications. Handle token expiration. Manage reset process.
- How do you handle session management?
  
  Implement session storage. Handle session cleanup. Support session validation. Implement session strategies. Manage...
- How do you implement authentication testing?
  
  Create authentication tests. Handle test scenarios. Support integration testing. Implement test strategies. Manage...
Performance Optimization
- How do you implement lazy loading?
  
  Use dynamic imports, React.lazy(), and Suspense. Handle component loading states. Support code splitting. Implement...
- How do you handle bundle analysis?
  
  Use @next/bundle-analyzer, analyze bundle size, identify large dependencies. Support code splitting analysis....
- How do you optimize rendering?
  
  Implement memo, useMemo, useCallback hooks. Handle component optimization. Support render optimization. Implement...
- How do you handle performance monitoring?
  
  Use Web Vitals API, implement analytics, track performance metrics. Support performance tracking. Implement...
- How do you optimize CSS delivery?
  
  Use CSS Modules, implement critical CSS, handle CSS-in-JS optimization. Support style optimization. Implement CSS strategies.
- How do you handle resource prioritization?
  
  Implement resource hints, handle preload/prefetch, optimize loading order. Support priority strategies. Implement...
- How do you optimize HTTP/2?
  
  Configure server push, handle multiplexing, optimize request prioritization. Support HTTP/2 features. Implement...
- How do you implement CDN optimization?
  
  Configure CDN caching, handle asset distribution, optimize edge caching. Support CDN strategies. Implement delivery...
- How do you handle performance testing?
  
  Implement load testing, measure performance metrics, use Lighthouse scores. Support performance benchmarking....
Middleware & Configuration
- How do you implement custom middleware?
  
  Create middleware functions. Handle request processing. Support middleware chain. Implement custom logic. Manage...
- How do you handle middleware errors?
  
  Implement error handling in middleware. Support error recovery. Handle error responses. Implement logging. Manage...
- How do you configure build optimization?
  
  Optimize build settings in next.config.js. Handle bundling options. Support optimization flags. Implement build strategies.
- How do you handle middleware composition?
  
  Compose multiple middleware functions. Handle execution order. Support middleware chaining. Implement composition patterns.
- How do you implement configuration validation?
  
  Validate configuration settings. Handle validation errors. Support schema validation. Implement validation strategies.
- How do you handle middleware testing?
  
  Create middleware tests. Handle test scenarios. Support integration testing. Implement test strategies.
- How do you configure module resolution?
  
  Handle module aliases. Support path mapping. Configure module imports. Implement resolution strategies.
- How do you handle middleware state?
  
  Manage middleware state. Handle state persistence. Support state sharing. Implement state patterns.
- How do you configure compression?
  
  Handle response compression. Support compression options. Configure compression settings. Implement optimization strategies.
- How do you handle CORS configuration?
  
  Configure CORS settings. Handle cross-origin requests. Support CORS headers. Implement security policies.
Testing & Debugging
- How do you test data fetching?
  
  Mock fetch requests. Handle async testing. Support data mocking. Implement fetch testing. Handle response simulation.
- How do you implement integration testing?
  
  Test component interactions. Handle feature testing. Support workflow testing. Implement integration scenarios....
- How do you debug performance issues?
  
  Use React DevTools Profiler. Handle performance monitoring. Support optimization. Implement performance debugging....
- How do you test authentication?
  
  Mock authentication state. Handle protected routes. Support auth testing. Implement auth scenarios. Handle user sessions.
- How do you handle test coverage?
  
  Configure coverage reporting. Handle coverage goals. Support coverage analysis. Implement coverage tracking. Handle...
- How do you test middleware?
  
  Create middleware tests. Handle request processing. Support middleware testing. Implement test scenarios. Handle...
- How do you implement E2E testing?
  
  Use Cypress or Playwright. Handle user flows. Support browser testing. Implement test scenarios. Handle end-to-end workflows.
- How do you debug routing issues?
  
  Handle route debugging. Support navigation testing. Implement route testing. Handle path resolution. Debug routing logic.
- How do you test error handling?
  
  Test error scenarios. Handle error boundaries. Support error testing. Implement error cases. Handle error recovery.
- How do you test state management?
  
  Test state changes. Handle state updates. Support state testing. Implement state scenarios. Handle state logic.

How do you implement custom server configuration?

Custom server configuration requires creating server.js file, implementing custom routing logic, and modifying package.json scripts. Supports Express or other Node.js server frameworks. Affects features like automatic static optimization.

How do you configure webpack in Next.js?

Webpack configuration is customized in next.config.js using webpack function. Can modify loaders, plugins, and other webpack options. Supports extending default configuration while maintaining Next.js optimizations.

How do you implement CI/CD for Next.js?

CI/CD implementation includes setting up build pipelines, automated testing, deployment scripts. Configure with services like GitHub Actions, Jenkins, or CircleCI. Handle environment variables and build caching.

How do you handle project aliases and paths?

Configure path aliases in tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json using baseUrl and paths. Supports absolute imports and custom module resolution. Improves code organization and maintainability.

How do you implement build time optimizations?

Build optimizations include code splitting, tree shaking, image optimization, and bundle analysis. Configure in next.config.js. Use build plugins and optimization features. Monitor build performance.

How do you handle static file serving?

Static files are served from public directory. Support automatic optimization for images. Configure caching headers and CDN options. Handle different file types appropriately.

How do you implement project architecture?

Project architecture includes directory structure, code organization, module patterns. Consider scalability, maintainability. Implement feature-based or domain-driven design. Handle shared code.

How do you handle dependency management?

Dependency management includes version control, package updates, security audits. Use package managers effectively. Handle peer dependencies. Implement dependency optimization.

How do you implement code quality tools?

Code quality tools include ESLint, Prettier, TypeScript. Configure linting rules. Implement pre-commit hooks. Handle code formatting. Support team coding standards.

How do you handle project documentation?

Project documentation includes README, API docs, component documentation. Use tools like Storybook. Implement documentation generation. Maintain documentation updates.

How do you implement route interceptors?

Route interceptors use (.) convention in App Router. Intercept routes while preserving context. Handle overlays and modals. Support soft navigation.

How do you handle route loading states?

Create loading.js files for automatic loading UI. Support Suspense boundaries. Handle streaming and progressive rendering. Implement custom loading indicators.

How do you implement route middleware?

Create middleware.ts in project root. Handle route protection, redirects, headers. Support conditional execution. Implement custom middleware logic.

How do you handle route transitions?

Implement custom transition effects using hooks and components. Handle loading states. Support animation libraries. Manage transition state.

How do you implement route protection?

Use middleware or page components for authentication checks. Handle redirects. Support role-based access. Implement protection strategies.

How do you handle route prefetching?

Control prefetching with prefetch prop on Link component. Implement custom prefetch logic. Handle data preloading. Support performance optimization.

How do you implement route rewriting?

Configure rewrites in next.config.js. Handle URL transformation. Support pattern matching. Implement rewrite conditions.

How do you handle route redirects?

Configure redirects in next.config.js or use redirect helper. Handle permanent/temporary redirects. Support redirect conditions. Implement redirect chains.

How do you implement route optimization?

Optimize route performance through code splitting, prefetching, caching. Handle route priorities. Implement optimization strategies.

How do you implement request waterfalls?

Handle sequential data fetching where each request depends on previous results. Manage dependencies between requests. Implement efficient loading patterns.

How do you handle data revalidation?

Implement on-demand revalidation using revalidatePath or revalidateTag. Handle time-based revalidation. Support cache invalidation. Manage revalidation triggers.

How do you optimize data fetching?

Implement request deduplication, caching strategies, parallel fetching. Handle data preloading. Support prefetching. Implement performance optimizations.

How do you handle error boundaries?

Create error.js files for error handling. Implement fallback content. Support error recovery. Handle error reporting. Manage error states.

How do you implement data mutations?

Use Server Actions or API routes for data mutations. Handle optimistic updates. Support rollback mechanisms. Implement mutation strategies.

How do you handle real-time data?

Implement WebSocket connections or server-sent events. Handle real-time updates. Support data synchronization. Implement real-time strategies.

How do you implement data validation?

Validate data on server and client side. Handle validation errors. Support schema validation. Implement validation strategies.

How do you handle data persistence?

Implement client-side storage strategies. Handle offline support. Support data synchronization. Implement persistence patterns.

How do you implement data prefetching?

Use prefetch methods or preload data during build. Handle route prefetching. Support data preloading. Implement prefetch strategies.

How do you handle data security?

Implement secure data fetching patterns. Handle authentication/authorization. Support data encryption. Implement security measures.

How do you implement SSR optimization?

Use streaming, caching, code splitting. Handle resource optimization. Support performance monitoring. Implement optimization strategies.

How do you handle SSR with authentication?

Implement server-side authentication checks. Handle protected routes. Support session management. Implement auth strategies.

How do you implement SSR middleware?

Create middleware for request processing. Handle request transformation. Support middleware chain. Implement custom logic.

How do you handle SSR with third-party libraries?

Handle library compatibility issues. Support SSR-specific configurations. Implement integration strategies. Manage dependencies.

How do you implement SSR headers?

Set custom headers for SSR responses. Handle caching headers. Support security headers. Implement header management.

How do you handle SSR with state management?

Implement server-side state initialization. Handle state hydration. Support state serialization. Implement state strategies.

How do you implement SSR with i18n?

Handle server-side translations. Support locale detection. Implement translation loading. Manage language switching.

How do you handle SSR performance monitoring?

Track SSR metrics and performance. Handle monitoring integration. Support debugging tools. Implement monitoring strategies.

How do you implement SSR testing?

Create server-side rendering tests. Handle integration testing. Support unit testing. Implement test utilities.

How do you implement ISR revalidation?

Set revalidate time in fetch options. Handle on-demand revalidation. Support revalidation triggers. Implement revalidation strategies.

How do you handle large datasets in SSG?

Implement pagination or chunking. Handle build performance. Support incremental builds. Implement data management strategies.

How do you optimize build time?

Implement build optimization strategies. Handle parallel generation. Support incremental builds. Implement caching strategies.

How do you handle dynamic content in SSG?

Use client-side fetching for dynamic data. Implement hybrid approaches. Support progressive enhancement. Handle content updates.

How do you implement preview mode?

Enable preview mode for draft content. Handle authentication. Support preview routes. Implement preview strategies.

How do you handle build errors?

Implement error handling during build. Support fallback content. Handle partial builds. Implement error reporting.

How do you implement build caching?

Use build cache for faster builds. Handle cache invalidation. Support incremental builds. Implement cache strategies.

How do you handle internationalization?

Generate static pages for multiple locales. Handle locale routing. Support translation loading. Implement i18n strategies.

How do you implement build monitoring?

Track build metrics and performance. Handle build analytics. Support debugging tools. Implement monitoring strategies.

How do you implement API rate limiting?

Implement rate limiting middleware. Track request counts. Set rate limits. Handle limit exceeded responses. Support different limit strategies.

How do you handle API authentication?

Implement authentication middleware. Verify tokens or credentials. Handle protected routes. Support different auth strategies.

How do you implement API caching?

Cache API responses. Handle cache invalidation. Set cache headers. Implement caching strategies. Support different cache stores.

How do you handle API validation?

Validate request data using schemas or validation libraries. Handle validation errors. Return appropriate error responses. Implement validation strategies.

How do you implement API logging?

Log API requests and responses. Track performance metrics. Handle error logging. Implement logging strategies. Support different log formats.

How do you handle API versioning?

Implement version control in API routes. Handle backwards compatibility. Support multiple versions. Implement versioning strategies.

How do you implement response compression?

Enable response compression middleware. Handle different compression types. Set appropriate headers. Implement compression strategies.

How do you handle API documentation?

Generate API documentation. Implement OpenAPI/Swagger. Support documentation updates. Implement documentation strategies.

How do you implement API monitoring?

Track API performance and usage. Handle monitoring integration. Support analytics. Implement monitoring strategies.

How do you implement code splitting?

Use dynamic imports, route-based splitting, component-based splitting. Handle lazy loading. Support chunk optimization. Implement loading strategies.

How do you handle component optimization?

Implement performance optimizations. Use React.memo, useMemo, useCallback. Support component caching. Implement optimization strategies.

How do you implement component composition?

Create reusable component patterns. Handle component hierarchy. Support component inheritance. Implement composition strategies.

How do you handle component styling?

Use CSS Modules, styled-components, or other styling solutions. Handle dynamic styles. Support theme systems. Implement styling strategies.

How do you implement component testing?

Create unit tests, integration tests. Handle component rendering. Support interaction testing. Implement test strategies.

How do you handle form components?

Implement form handling logic. Handle validation. Support form submission. Implement form state management. Handle form errors.

How do you implement component libraries?

Create reusable component collections. Handle component documentation. Support theming. Implement component versioning.

How do you handle component animations?

Implement animation libraries or CSS transitions. Handle animation states. Support transition effects. Implement animation strategies.

How do you implement accessibility?

Follow ARIA standards. Handle keyboard navigation. Support screen readers. Implement accessibility patterns.

How do you implement theme systems?

Create theme providers and consumers. Handle theme switching. Support dark mode. Implement theme configuration. Manage theme variables.

How do you handle CSS optimization?

Implement CSS minification, purging, and bundling. Handle critical CSS. Support CSS splitting. Implement optimization strategies.

How do you implement grid systems?

Create responsive grid layouts. Handle grid areas. Support grid templates. Implement grid components. Manage grid responsiveness.

How do you handle CSS-in-JS performance?

Optimize runtime performance. Handle style extraction. Support server-side generation. Implement performance strategies.

How do you implement responsive images?

Use Next.js Image component. Handle srcset and sizes. Support art direction. Implement image optimization. Manage responsive breakpoints.

How do you handle CSS variables?

Implement CSS custom properties. Handle variable scoping. Support dynamic values. Implement theme systems. Manage variable inheritance.

How do you implement layout patterns?

Create reusable layout components. Handle layout composition. Support layout variations. Implement common patterns.

How do you handle CSS animations?

Implement CSS transitions and keyframes. Handle animation states. Support animation libraries. Implement animation patterns.

How do you implement style testing?

Create visual regression tests. Handle style snapshots. Support style assertions. Implement testing strategies.

How do you implement state machines?

Use state machine libraries like XState. Handle state transitions. Support finite states. Implement state machine patterns.

How do you handle real-time state?

Implement WebSocket or Server-Sent Events. Handle real-time updates. Support state synchronization. Implement real-time patterns.

How do you implement state middleware?

Create middleware for state operations. Handle state transformations. Support middleware chain. Implement middleware patterns.

How do you handle state versioning?

Implement state version control. Handle state migrations. Support backwards compatibility. Implement versioning patterns.

How do you implement state selectors?

Create selectors for state derivation. Handle memoization. Support selector composition. Implement selector patterns.

How do you handle state validation?

Implement state validation rules. Handle validation errors. Support schema validation. Implement validation patterns.

How do you implement state logging?

Create state change logs. Handle state debugging. Support logging middleware. Implement logging patterns.

How do you handle state synchronization?

Implement state sync between clients. Handle conflict resolution. Support offline state. Implement sync patterns.

How do you implement state testing?

Create state management tests. Handle state assertions. Support integration testing. Implement test patterns.

How do you implement art direction?

Use different images for different screen sizes. Handle responsive images. Support art direction patterns. Implement device-specific images.

How do you handle image preloading?

Use priority prop for LCP images. Handle critical images. Support preload strategies. Implement performance optimization.

How do you implement custom loaders?

Create custom image loaders. Handle external image services. Support custom optimization. Implement loader strategies.

How do you handle image caching?

Configure cache headers. Handle browser caching. Support CDN caching. Implement caching strategies.

How do you optimize SVG images?

Handle SVG optimization. Support inline SVGs. Handle SVG sprites. Implement SVG optimization strategies.

How do you handle image accessibility?

Implement alt text. Handle role attributes. Support screen readers. Implement accessibility patterns.

How do you implement image error handling?

Handle loading errors. Support fallback images. Implement error states. Handle error reporting.

How do you handle dynamic images?

Load images dynamically. Handle dynamic sources. Support runtime optimization. Implement dynamic patterns.

How do you implement image testing?

Create image component tests. Handle visual testing. Support integration testing. Implement test patterns.

How do you handle image loading performance?

Monitor loading metrics. Handle performance optimization. Support performance tracking. Implement loading strategies.

How do you implement password hashing?

Use bcrypt or similar libraries. Handle password storage. Support password validation. Implement secure hashing. Manage salt generation.

How do you handle refresh tokens?

Implement token refresh logic. Handle token rotation. Support silent refresh. Implement refresh strategies. Manage token storage.

How do you implement social login?

Configure social providers. Handle OAuth integration. Support user profile mapping. Implement login flow. Manage provider tokens.

How do you handle permission systems?

Implement granular permissions. Handle permission checks. Support permission groups. Implement access control lists. Manage permission hierarchy.

How do you implement two-factor authentication?

Support 2FA methods. Handle verification codes. Implement backup codes. Support authentication apps. Manage 2FA setup.

How do you handle authentication errors?

Implement error handling. Support error messages. Handle recovery flows. Implement error logging. Manage error states.

How do you implement password reset?

Handle reset flow. Support reset tokens. Implement email notifications. Handle token expiration. Manage reset process.

How do you handle session management?

Implement session storage. Handle session cleanup. Support session validation. Implement session strategies. Manage session state.

How do you implement authentication testing?

Create authentication tests. Handle test scenarios. Support integration testing. Implement test strategies. Manage test coverage.

How do you implement lazy loading?

Use dynamic imports, React.lazy(), and Suspense. Handle component loading states. Support code splitting. Implement loading strategies.

How do you handle bundle analysis?

Use @next/bundle-analyzer, analyze bundle size, identify large dependencies. Support code splitting analysis. Implement size optimization.

How do you optimize rendering?

Implement memo, useMemo, useCallback hooks. Handle component optimization. Support render optimization. Implement rendering strategies.

How do you handle performance monitoring?

Use Web Vitals API, implement analytics, track performance metrics. Support performance tracking. Implement monitoring strategies.

How do you optimize CSS delivery?

Use CSS Modules, implement critical CSS, handle CSS-in-JS optimization. Support style optimization. Implement CSS strategies.

How do you handle resource prioritization?

Implement resource hints, handle preload/prefetch, optimize loading order. Support priority strategies. Implement resource optimization.

How do you optimize HTTP/2?

Configure server push, handle multiplexing, optimize request prioritization. Support HTTP/2 features. Implement protocol optimization.

How do you implement CDN optimization?

Configure CDN caching, handle asset distribution, optimize edge caching. Support CDN strategies. Implement delivery optimization.

How do you handle performance testing?

Implement load testing, measure performance metrics, use Lighthouse scores. Support performance benchmarking. Implement testing strategies.

How do you implement custom middleware?

Create middleware functions. Handle request processing. Support middleware chain. Implement custom logic. Manage middleware flow.

How do you handle middleware errors?

Implement error handling in middleware. Support error recovery. Handle error responses. Implement logging. Manage error states.

How do you configure build optimization?

Optimize build settings in next.config.js. Handle bundling options. Support optimization flags. Implement build strategies.

How do you handle middleware composition?

Compose multiple middleware functions. Handle execution order. Support middleware chaining. Implement composition patterns.

How do you implement configuration validation?

Validate configuration settings. Handle validation errors. Support schema validation. Implement validation strategies.

How do you handle middleware testing?

Create middleware tests. Handle test scenarios. Support integration testing. Implement test strategies.

How do you configure module resolution?

Handle module aliases. Support path mapping. Configure module imports. Implement resolution strategies.

How do you handle middleware state?

Manage middleware state. Handle state persistence. Support state sharing. Implement state patterns.

How do you configure compression?

Handle response compression. Support compression options. Configure compression settings. Implement optimization strategies.

How do you handle CORS configuration?

Configure CORS settings. Handle cross-origin requests. Support CORS headers. Implement security policies.

How do you test data fetching?

Mock fetch requests. Handle async testing. Support data mocking. Implement fetch testing. Handle response simulation.

How do you implement integration testing?

Test component interactions. Handle feature testing. Support workflow testing. Implement integration scenarios. Handle component communication.

How do you debug performance issues?

Use React DevTools Profiler. Handle performance monitoring. Support optimization. Implement performance debugging. Handle bottlenecks.

How do you test authentication?

Mock authentication state. Handle protected routes. Support auth testing. Implement auth scenarios. Handle user sessions.

How do you handle test coverage?

Configure coverage reporting. Handle coverage goals. Support coverage analysis. Implement coverage tracking. Handle code coverage.

How do you test middleware?

Create middleware tests. Handle request processing. Support middleware testing. Implement test scenarios. Handle middleware chain.

How do you implement E2E testing?

Use Cypress or Playwright. Handle user flows. Support browser testing. Implement test scenarios. Handle end-to-end workflows.

How do you debug routing issues?

Handle route debugging. Support navigation testing. Implement route testing. Handle path resolution. Debug routing logic.

How do you test error handling?

Test error scenarios. Handle error boundaries. Support error testing. Implement error cases. Handle error recovery.

How do you test state management?

Test state changes. Handle state updates. Support state testing. Implement state scenarios. Handle state logic.

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