Laravel Interview Questions Your Guide to Success

Laravel's elegant syntax and robust features make it a leading PHP framework for web development. Stark.ai offers a comprehensive collection of Laravel interview questions, real-world scenarios, and expert guidance to help you excel in your next technical interview.

Laravel Routing & Controllers 10
Blade Templates & Frontend 9
Database & Eloquent ORM 10
Authentication & Authorization 10
Request Handling & Validation 9
Security Features 10
Artisan Commands & Custom Commands 10
Testing & Debugging 10
Caching & Performance 10
Queue & Background Jobs 10

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Laravel Routing & Controllers
- What is routing in Laravel?
  
  Routing in Laravel refers to defining URL paths that users can access and mapping them to specific controller...
- What are the basic HTTP methods supported in Laravel routes?
  
  Laravel supports common HTTP methods: GET for retrieving data, POST for creating new resources, PUT/PATCH for...
- What is a controller in Laravel?
  
  A controller is a PHP class that handles business logic and acts as an intermediary between Models and Views....
- How do you create a basic controller in Laravel?
  
  Controllers can be created using the Artisan command: php artisan make:controller ControllerName. This creates a new...
- What is a route parameter?
  
  Route parameters are dynamic segments in URLs that capture and pass values to controller methods. They are defined...
- How do you name a route in Laravel?
  
  Routes can be named using the name() method: Route::get('/profile', [ProfileController::class,...
- What is the purpose of web.php vs api.php routes?
  
  web.php contains routes for web interface and includes session state and CSRF protection. api.php is for stateless...
- How do you access request data in a controller?
  
  Request data can be accessed using the Request facade or by type-hinting Request in controller methods. Example:...
- What is route grouping?
  
  Route grouping allows you to share route attributes (middleware, prefixes, namespaces) across multiple routes....
- How do you redirect from a route?
  
  Redirects can be performed using redirect() helper or Route::redirect(). Examples: return redirect('/home') or...
Blade Templates & Frontend
- What is Blade templating engine in Laravel?
  
  Blade is Laravel's templating engine that combines PHP with HTML templates. It provides convenient shortcuts for...
- How do you display variables in Blade templates?
  
  Variables in Blade templates are displayed using double curly braces syntax {{ $variable }}. The content within...
- What is Blade template inheritance?
  
  Blade template inheritance allows creating a base layout template (@extends) with defined sections (@section) that...
- How do you include sub-views in Blade?
  
  Sub-views can be included using @include('view.name') directive. You can also pass data to included views:...
- What are Blade control structures?
  
  Blade provides convenient directives for control structures: @if, @else, @elseif, @endif for conditionals; @foreach,...
- How do you create loops in Blade templates?
  
  Blade supports loops using @foreach, @for, @while directives. The $loop variable is available inside foreach loops,...
- What is the purpose of @yield directive in Blade?
  
  The @yield directive displays content of a specified section. It's typically used in layout templates to define...
- How do you handle assets in Laravel?
  
  Laravel provides the asset() helper function to generate URLs for assets. Assets are stored in the public directory...
- What are Blade comments?
  
  Blade comments are written using {{-- comment --}} syntax. Unlike HTML comments, Blade comments are not included in...
Database & Eloquent ORM
- What is Eloquent ORM in Laravel?
  
  Eloquent ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is Laravel's built-in ORM that allows developers to interact with database...
- How do you create a model in Laravel?
  
  Models can be created using Artisan command: 'php artisan make:model ModelName'. Adding -m flag creates a migration...
- What are migrations in Laravel?
  
  Migrations are like version control for databases, allowing you to define and modify database schema using PHP code....
- What are the basic Eloquent operations?
  
  Basic Eloquent operations include: Model::all() to retrieve all records, Model::find(id) to find by primary key,...
- How do you define relationships in Eloquent?
  
  Relationships are defined as methods in model classes. Common types include hasOne(), hasMany(), belongsTo(),...
- What is the purpose of seeders in Laravel?
  
  Seeders are used to populate database tables with sample or initial data. They are created using 'php artisan...
- How do you perform basic queries using Eloquent?
  
  Eloquent provides methods like where(), orWhere(), whereBetween(), orderBy() for querying. Example:...
- What are mass assignment and fillable attributes?
  
  Mass assignment allows setting multiple model attributes at once. $fillable property in models specifies which...
- How do you configure database connections in Laravel?
  
  Database connections are configured in config/database.php and .env file. Multiple connections can be defined for...
- What are model factories in Laravel?
  
  Model factories generate fake data for testing and seeding. Created using 'php artisan make:factory'. They use Faker...
Authentication & Authorization
- What is Laravel's built-in authentication system?
  
  Laravel provides a complete authentication system out of the box using the Auth facade. It includes features for...
- How do you implement basic authentication in Laravel?
  
  Basic authentication can be implemented using Auth::attempt(['email' => $email, 'password' => $password]) for login,...
- What is the auth middleware in Laravel?
  
  Auth middleware (auth) protects routes by ensuring users are authenticated. Can be applied to routes or controllers...
- How do you check if a user is authenticated?
  
  Use Auth::check() to verify authentication status, Auth::user() to get current user, or @auth/@guest Blade...
- What are guards in Laravel authentication?
  
  Guards define how users are authenticated for each request. Laravel supports multiple authentication guards (web,...
- How do you implement password reset functionality?
  
  Laravel includes password reset using Password facade. Uses notifications system to send reset links. Requires...
- What is the remember me functionality?
  
  Remember me allows users to stay logged in across sessions using secure cookie. Implemented by passing true as...
- How do you implement email verification?
  
  Email verification uses MustVerifyEmail interface and VerifiesEmails trait. Sends verification email on...
- What is Laravel Sanctum?
  
  Sanctum provides lightweight authentication for SPAs and mobile applications. Issues API tokens, handles SPA...
- What are policies in Laravel?
  
  Policies organize authorization logic around models or resources. Created using make:policy command. Methods...
Request Handling & Validation
- What is request handling in Laravel?
  
  Request handling in Laravel manages HTTP requests using the Request class. It provides methods to access input data,...
- How do you access request input data?
  
  Request input data can be accessed using methods like $request->input('name'), $request->get('email'), or...
- What is Form Request Validation?
  
  Form Request Validation is a custom request class that encapsulates validation logic. Created using 'php artisan...
- How do you validate request data in Laravel?
  
  Request data can be validated using validate() method, Validator facade, or Form Request classes. Basic syntax:...
- What are Laravel's common validation rules?
  
  Common validation rules include required, string, email, min, max, between, unique, exists, regex, date, file,...
- How do you handle file uploads in requests?
  
  File uploads are handled using $request->file() or $request->hasFile(). Files can be validated using file, image,...
- What are validation error messages?
  
  Validation errors are automatically stored in session and can be accessed in views using $errors variable. Custom...
- How do you access old input data after validation fails?
  
  Old input data is accessible using old() helper function or @old() Blade directive. Data is automatically flashed to...
- How do you handle JSON requests in Laravel?
  
  JSON requests can be handled using $request->json() method. Content-Type should be application/json. Use json()...
Security Features
- What is CSRF protection in Laravel?
  
  CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) protection in Laravel automatically generates and validates tokens for each active...
- How does Laravel handle XSS protection?
  
  Laravel provides XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) protection by automatically escaping output using {{ }} Blade syntax....
- What is SQL injection prevention in Laravel?
  
  Laravel prevents SQL injection using PDO parameter binding in the query builder and Eloquent ORM. Query parameters...
- How does Laravel handle password hashing?
  
  Laravel automatically hashes passwords using the Hash facade and bcrypt or Argon2 algorithms. Never store plain-text...
- What are signed routes in Laravel?
  
  Signed routes are URLs with a signature that ensures they haven't been modified. Created using URL::signedRoute() or...
- How does Laravel handle HTTP-only cookies?
  
  Laravel sets HTTP-only flag on cookies by default to prevent JavaScript access. Session cookies are automatically...
- What is mass assignment protection?
  
  Mass assignment protection prevents unintended attribute modification through $fillable and $guarded properties in...
- How does Laravel handle secure headers?
  
  Laravel includes security headers through middleware. Headers like X-Frame-Options, X-XSS-Protection, and...
- What is encryption in Laravel?
  
  Laravel provides encryption using the Crypt facade. Data is encrypted using OpenSSL and AES-256-CBC. Encryption key...
- How does session security work in Laravel?
  
  Laravel secures sessions using encrypted cookies, CSRF protection, and secure configuration options. Sessions can be...
Artisan Commands & Custom Commands
- What is Artisan in Laravel?
  
  Artisan is Laravel's command-line interface that provides helpful commands for development. It's accessed using 'php...
- What are the basic Artisan commands?
  
  Basic Artisan commands include: 'php artisan list' to show all commands, 'php artisan help' for command details,...
- How do you create a custom Artisan command?
  
  Custom commands are created using 'php artisan make:command CommandName'. This generates a command class in...
- What is the command signature?
  
  Command signature defines command name and arguments/options. Format: 'name:command {argument} {--option}'. Required...
- How do you register custom commands?
  
  Custom commands are registered in app/Console/Kernel.php in the commands property or commands() method. They can...
- What are command arguments and options?
  
  Arguments are required input values, options are optional flags. Define using {argument} and {--option}. Access...
- How do you output text in Artisan commands?
  
  Use methods like line(), info(), comment(), question(), error() for different colored output. table() for tabular...
- What are command schedules in Laravel?
  
  Command scheduling allows automated command execution at specified intervals. Defined in app/Console/Kernel.php...
- How do you run Artisan commands programmatically?
  
  Use Artisan facade: Artisan::call('command:name', ['argument' => 'value']). Can queue commands using...
- What is command isolation in Laravel?
  
  Command isolation ensures each command runs independently. Use separate service providers, handle dependencies...
Testing & Debugging
- What is PHPUnit in Laravel testing?
  
  PHPUnit is the default testing framework in Laravel. It provides a suite of tools for writing and running automated...
- How do you create a test in Laravel?
  
  Tests are created using 'php artisan make:test TestName'. Two types available: Feature tests (--test suffix) and...
- What is the difference between Feature and Unit tests?
  
  Feature tests focus on larger portions of code and test application behavior from user perspective. Unit tests focus...
- How do you run tests in Laravel?
  
  Tests are run using 'php artisan test' or './vendor/bin/phpunit'. Can filter tests using --filter flag. Support...
- What are test assertions in Laravel?
  
  Assertions verify expected outcomes in tests. Common assertions include assertTrue(), assertEquals(),...
- How do you test HTTP requests?
  
  Use get(), post(), put(), patch(), delete() methods in tests. Can chain assertions like ->assertOk(),...
- What is database testing in Laravel?
  
  Database testing uses RefreshDatabase or DatabaseTransactions traits. Tests run in transactions to prevent test data...
- How do you use Laravel Tinker for debugging?
  
  Tinker is an REPL for Laravel. Access using 'php artisan tinker'. Test code, interact with models, execute queries...
- What are test factories in Laravel?
  
  Factories generate fake data for testing using Faker library. Created with 'php artisan make:factory'. Define model...
- How do you handle test environment configuration?
  
  Use .env.testing file for test environment. Configure test database, mail settings, queues. Use config:clear before...
Caching & Performance
- What is caching in Laravel?
  
  Caching in Laravel stores and retrieves data for faster access. Laravel supports multiple cache drivers (file,...
- What are the basic cache operations?
  
  Basic cache operations include Cache::get() to retrieve, Cache::put() to store, Cache::has() to check existence,...
- What is route caching?
  
  Route caching improves routing performance using 'php artisan route:cache'. Creates a single file of compiled...
- What is config caching?
  
  Config caching combines all configuration files into single cached file using 'php artisan config:cache'. Improves...
- What is view caching?
  
  View caching compiles Blade templates into PHP code. Happens automatically and stored in storage/framework/views....
- How do you cache database queries?
  
  Database queries can be cached using remember() method on query builder or Eloquent models. Example:...
- What are cache tags?
  
  Cache tags group related items for easy manipulation. Use Cache::tags(['tag'])->put() for storage. Can flush all...
- What is eager loading in Laravel?
  
  Eager loading reduces N+1 query problems by loading relationships in advance using with() method. Example:...
- What is response caching?
  
  Response caching stores HTTP responses using middleware. Configure using Cache-Control headers. Supports client-side...
- What is cache key generation?
  
  Cache keys uniquely identify cached items. Use meaningful names and version prefixes. Handle key collisions. Support...
Queue & Background Jobs
- What are queues in Laravel?
  
  Queues allow deferring time-consuming tasks for background processing. Laravel supports various queue drivers...
- How do you create a job in Laravel?
  
  Jobs are created using 'php artisan make:job JobName'. Jobs implement ShouldQueue interface. Define handle() method...
- How do you run queue workers?
  
  Queue workers are run using 'php artisan queue:work'. Can specify connection, queue name, and other options. Should...
- What is job dispatch in Laravel?
  
  Job dispatch sends jobs to queue for processing. Can use dispatch() helper, Job::dispatch(), or DispatchesJobs...
- What are failed jobs?
  
  Failed jobs are tracked in failed_jobs table. Handle failures using failed() method in job class. Can retry failed...
- How do you handle job middleware?
  
  Job middleware intercept job processing. Define middleware in job's middleware() method. Can rate limit, throttle,...
- What are job chains?
  
  Job chains execute jobs in sequence using Chain::with(). Later jobs run only if previous ones succeed. Can set chain...
- How do you configure queue connections?
  
  Queue connections are configured in config/queue.php. Define driver, connection parameters. Support multiple...
- What is job batching?
  
  Job batching processes multiple jobs as group using Bus::batch(). Track batch progress. Handle batch completion and...
- How do you handle job events?
  
  Job events track job lifecycle. Listen for job processed, failed events. Handle queue events in...

What is routing in Laravel?

Routing in Laravel refers to defining URL paths that users can access and mapping them to specific controller actions or closure callbacks. Routes are defined in files within the routes directory, primarily in web.php and api.php.

What are the basic HTTP methods supported in Laravel routes?

Laravel supports common HTTP methods: GET for retrieving data, POST for creating new resources, PUT/PATCH for updating existing resources, DELETE for removing resources. These can be defined using Route::get(), Route::post(), Route::put(), Route::patch(), and Route::delete().

What is a controller in Laravel?

A controller is a PHP class that handles business logic and acts as an intermediary between Models and Views. Controllers group related request handling logic into a single class, organizing code better than closure routes.

How do you create a basic controller in Laravel?

Controllers can be created using the Artisan command: php artisan make:controller ControllerName. This creates a new controller class in app/Http/Controllers directory with basic structure and necessary imports.

What is a route parameter?

Route parameters are dynamic segments in URLs that capture and pass values to controller methods. They are defined using curly braces in route definitions, like '/user/{id}' where {id} is the parameter.

How do you name a route in Laravel?

Routes can be named using the name() method: Route::get('/profile', [ProfileController::class, 'show'])->name('profile'). Named routes provide a convenient way to generate URLs or redirects using route('profile').

What is the purpose of web.php vs api.php routes?

web.php contains routes for web interface and includes session state and CSRF protection. api.php is for stateless API routes, includes rate limiting, and is prefixed with '/api'. api.php routes don't include session or CSRF middleware.

How do you access request data in a controller?

Request data can be accessed using the Request facade or by type-hinting Request in controller methods. Example: public function store(Request $request) { $name = $request->input('name'); }

What is route grouping?

Route grouping allows you to share route attributes (middleware, prefixes, namespaces) across multiple routes. Routes can be grouped using Route::group() or using the Route::prefix() method.

How do you redirect from a route?

Redirects can be performed using redirect() helper or Route::redirect(). Examples: return redirect('/home') or Route::redirect('/here', '/there'). You can also redirect to named routes using redirect()->route('name').

What is Blade templating engine in Laravel?

Blade is Laravel's templating engine that combines PHP with HTML templates. It provides convenient shortcuts for common PHP control structures, template inheritance, and component features while being compiled into plain PHP code for better performance.

How do you display variables in Blade templates?

Variables in Blade templates are displayed using double curly braces syntax {{ $variable }}. The content within braces is automatically escaped to prevent XSS attacks. For unescaped content, use {!! $variable !!}.

What is Blade template inheritance?

Blade template inheritance allows creating a base layout template (@extends) with defined sections (@section) that child templates can override or extend. Child templates use @extends('layout') to inherit and @section to provide content.

How do you include sub-views in Blade?

Sub-views can be included using @include('view.name') directive. You can also pass data to included views: @include('view.name', ['data' => $data]). For performance, use @includeIf, @includeWhen, or @includeUnless.

What are Blade control structures?

Blade provides convenient directives for control structures: @if, @else, @elseif, @endif for conditionals; @foreach, @while for loops; @switch, @case for switch statements. These compile to regular PHP control structures.

How do you create loops in Blade templates?

Blade supports loops using @foreach, @for, @while directives. The $loop variable is available inside foreach loops, providing information like index, iteration, first, last, and depth for nested loops.

What is the purpose of @yield directive in Blade?

The @yield directive displays content of a specified section. It's typically used in layout templates to define places where child views can inject content. It can also specify default content if section is not defined.

How do you handle assets in Laravel?

Laravel provides the asset() helper function to generate URLs for assets. Assets are stored in the public directory and can be referenced using asset('css/app.css'). For versioning, use mix() with Laravel Mix.

What are Blade comments?

Blade comments are written using {{-- comment --}} syntax. Unlike HTML comments, Blade comments are not included in the HTML rendered to the browser, making them useful for developer notes.

What is Eloquent ORM in Laravel?

Eloquent ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is Laravel's built-in ORM that allows developers to interact with database tables using elegant object-oriented models. Each database table has a corresponding Model that is used for interacting with that table.

How do you create a model in Laravel?

Models can be created using Artisan command: 'php artisan make:model ModelName'. Adding -m flag creates a migration file too. Models are placed in app/Models directory and extend Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model class.

What are migrations in Laravel?

Migrations are like version control for databases, allowing you to define and modify database schema using PHP code. They enable team collaboration by maintaining consistent database structure across different development environments.

What are the basic Eloquent operations?

Basic Eloquent operations include: Model::all() to retrieve all records, Model::find(id) to find by primary key, Model::create([]) to create new records, save() to update, and delete() to remove records.

How do you define relationships in Eloquent?

Relationships are defined as methods in model classes. Common types include hasOne(), hasMany(), belongsTo(), belongsToMany(). These methods specify how models are related to each other in the database.

What is the purpose of seeders in Laravel?

Seeders are used to populate database tables with sample or initial data. They are created using 'php artisan make:seeder' and can be run using 'php artisan db:seed'. Useful for testing and initial application setup.

How do you perform basic queries using Eloquent?

Eloquent provides methods like where(), orWhere(), whereBetween(), orderBy() for querying. Example: User::where('active', 1)->orderBy('name')->get(). Queries return collections of model instances.

What are mass assignment and fillable attributes?

Mass assignment allows setting multiple model attributes at once. $fillable property in models specifies which attributes can be mass assigned, while $guarded specifies which cannot. This prevents unintended attribute modifications.

How do you configure database connections in Laravel?

Database connections are configured in config/database.php and .env file. Multiple connections can be defined for different databases. The default connection is specified in .env using DB_CONNECTION.

What are model factories in Laravel?

Model factories generate fake data for testing and seeding. Created using 'php artisan make:factory'. They use Faker library to generate realistic test data. Factories can define states for different scenarios.

What is Laravel's built-in authentication system?

Laravel provides a complete authentication system out of the box using the Auth facade. It includes features for user registration, login, password reset, and remember me functionality. Can be scaffolded using laravel/ui or breeze/jetstream packages.

How do you implement basic authentication in Laravel?

Basic authentication can be implemented using Auth::attempt(['email' => $email, 'password' => $password]) for login, Auth::login($user) for manual login, and Auth::logout() for logging out. Session-based authentication is default.

What is the auth middleware in Laravel?

Auth middleware (auth) protects routes by ensuring users are authenticated. Can be applied to routes or controllers using middleware('auth'). Redirects unauthenticated users to login page or returns 401 for API routes.

How do you check if a user is authenticated?

Use Auth::check() to verify authentication status, Auth::user() to get current user, or @auth/@guest Blade directives in views. Request object also provides auth()->user() helper.

What are guards in Laravel authentication?

Guards define how users are authenticated for each request. Laravel supports multiple authentication guards (web, api) configured in config/auth.php. Each guard specifies provider and driver for authentication.

How do you implement password reset functionality?

Laravel includes password reset using Password facade. Uses notifications system to send reset links. Requires password_resets table. Can customize views, expiration time, and throttling.

What is the remember me functionality?

Remember me allows users to stay logged in across sessions using secure cookie. Implemented by passing true as second parameter to Auth::attempt() or using remember() method. Requires remember_token column.

How do you implement email verification?

Email verification uses MustVerifyEmail interface and VerifiesEmails trait. Sends verification email on registration. Can protect routes with verified middleware. Customizable verification notice and email.

What is Laravel Sanctum?

Sanctum provides lightweight authentication for SPAs and mobile applications. Issues API tokens, handles SPA authentication through cookies. Supports multiple tokens per user with different abilities.

What are policies in Laravel?

Policies organize authorization logic around models or resources. Created using make:policy command. Methods correspond to actions (view, create, update, delete). Used with Gate facade or @can directive.

What is request handling in Laravel?

Request handling in Laravel manages HTTP requests using the Request class. It provides methods to access input data, files, headers, and server variables. Request handling is the foundation of processing user input in Laravel applications.

How do you access request input data?

Request input data can be accessed using methods like $request->input('name'), $request->get('email'), or $request->all(). For specific input types, use $request->query() for GET parameters and $request->post() for POST data.

What is Form Request Validation?

Form Request Validation is a custom request class that encapsulates validation logic. Created using 'php artisan make:request'. Contains rules() method for validation rules and authorize() method for authorization checks.

How do you validate request data in Laravel?

Request data can be validated using validate() method, Validator facade, or Form Request classes. Basic syntax: $validated = $request->validate(['field' => 'rule|rule2']). Failed validation redirects back with errors.

What are Laravel's common validation rules?

Common validation rules include required, string, email, min, max, between, unique, exists, regex, date, file, image, and numeric. Rules can be combined using pipe (|) or array syntax.

How do you handle file uploads in requests?

File uploads are handled using $request->file() or $request->hasFile(). Files can be validated using file, image, mimes rules. Use store() or storeAs() methods to save uploaded files.

What are validation error messages?

Validation errors are automatically stored in session and can be accessed in views using $errors variable. Custom error messages can be defined in validation rules or language files.

How do you access old input data after validation fails?

Old input data is accessible using old() helper function or @old() Blade directive. Data is automatically flashed to session on validation failure. Useful for repopulating forms.

How do you handle JSON requests in Laravel?

JSON requests can be handled using $request->json() method. Content-Type should be application/json. Use json() method for responses. APIs typically return JSON responses by default.

What is CSRF protection in Laravel?

CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) protection in Laravel automatically generates and validates tokens for each active user session. It's implemented through the VerifyCsrfToken middleware and @csrf Blade directive in forms.

How does Laravel handle XSS protection?

Laravel provides XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) protection by automatically escaping output using {{ }} Blade syntax. HTML entities are converted to prevent script injection. Use {!! !!} for trusted content that needs to render HTML.

What is SQL injection prevention in Laravel?

Laravel prevents SQL injection using PDO parameter binding in the query builder and Eloquent ORM. Query parameters are automatically escaped. Never concatenate strings directly into queries.

How does Laravel handle password hashing?

Laravel automatically hashes passwords using the Hash facade and bcrypt or Argon2 algorithms. Never store plain-text passwords. Password hashing is handled by the HashedAttributes trait in the User model.

What are signed routes in Laravel?

Signed routes are URLs with a signature that ensures they haven't been modified. Created using URL::signedRoute() or URL::temporarySignedRoute(). Useful for email verification or temporary access links.

How does Laravel handle HTTP-only cookies?

Laravel sets HTTP-only flag on cookies by default to prevent JavaScript access. Session cookies are automatically HTTP-only. Config can be modified in config/session.php.

What is mass assignment protection?

Mass assignment protection prevents unintended attribute modification through $fillable and $guarded properties in models. Attributes must be explicitly marked as fillable to allow mass assignment.

How does Laravel handle secure headers?

Laravel includes security headers through middleware. Headers like X-Frame-Options, X-XSS-Protection, and X-Content-Type-Options are set by default. Additional headers can be added via middleware.

What is encryption in Laravel?

Laravel provides encryption using the Crypt facade. Data is encrypted using OpenSSL and AES-256-CBC. Encryption key is stored in .env file. All encrypted values are signed to prevent tampering.

How does session security work in Laravel?

Laravel secures sessions using encrypted cookies, CSRF protection, and secure configuration options. Sessions can be stored in various drivers (file, database, Redis). Session IDs are regularly rotated.

What is Artisan in Laravel?

Artisan is Laravel's command-line interface that provides helpful commands for development. It's accessed using 'php artisan' and includes commands for database migrations, cache clearing, job processing, and other common tasks.

What are the basic Artisan commands?

Basic Artisan commands include: 'php artisan list' to show all commands, 'php artisan help' for command details, 'php artisan serve' to start development server, 'php artisan tinker' for REPL, and 'php artisan make' for generating files.

How do you create a custom Artisan command?

Custom commands are created using 'php artisan make:command CommandName'. This generates a command class in app/Console/Commands. Define command signature and description, implement handle() method for command logic.

What is the command signature?

Command signature defines command name and arguments/options. Format: 'name:command {argument} {--option}'. Required arguments in curly braces, optional in square brackets. Options prefixed with --.

How do you register custom commands?

Custom commands are registered in app/Console/Kernel.php in the commands property or commands() method. They can also be registered using $this->load() method to auto-register all commands in a directory.

What are command arguments and options?

Arguments are required input values, options are optional flags. Define using {argument} and {--option}. Access using $this->argument() and $this->option() in handle() method. Can have default values.

How do you output text in Artisan commands?

Use methods like line(), info(), comment(), question(), error() for different colored output. table() for tabular data, progressBar() for progress indicators. All methods available through Command class.

What are command schedules in Laravel?

Command scheduling allows automated command execution at specified intervals. Defined in app/Console/Kernel.php schedule() method. Uses cron expressions or fluent interface. Requires cron entry for schedule:run.

How do you run Artisan commands programmatically?

Use Artisan facade: Artisan::call('command:name', ['argument' => 'value']). Can queue commands using Artisan::queue(). Get command output using Artisan::output().

What is command isolation in Laravel?

Command isolation ensures each command runs independently. Use separate service providers, handle dependencies properly. Important for testing and avoiding side effects between commands.

What is PHPUnit in Laravel testing?

PHPUnit is the default testing framework in Laravel. It provides a suite of tools for writing and running automated tests. Laravel extends PHPUnit with additional assertions and helper methods for testing applications.

How do you create a test in Laravel?

Tests are created using 'php artisan make:test TestName'. Two types available: Feature tests (--test suffix) and Unit tests (--unit flag). Tests extend TestCase class and are stored in tests directory.

What is the difference between Feature and Unit tests?

Feature tests focus on larger portions of code and test application behavior from user perspective. Unit tests focus on individual classes or methods in isolation. Feature tests typically test HTTP requests, while unit tests verify specific functionality.

How do you run tests in Laravel?

Tests are run using 'php artisan test' or './vendor/bin/phpunit'. Can filter tests using --filter flag. Support parallel testing with --parallel option. Generate coverage reports with --coverage flag.

What are test assertions in Laravel?

Assertions verify expected outcomes in tests. Common assertions include assertTrue(), assertEquals(), assertDatabaseHas(). Laravel adds web-specific assertions like assertStatus(), assertViewIs(), assertJson().

How do you test HTTP requests?

Use get(), post(), put(), patch(), delete() methods in tests. Can chain assertions like ->assertOk(), ->assertRedirect(). Submit forms using call() method with request data.

What is database testing in Laravel?

Database testing uses RefreshDatabase or DatabaseTransactions traits. Tests run in transactions to prevent test data persistence. Use factories to generate test data. Assert database state using assertDatabaseHas().

How do you use Laravel Tinker for debugging?

Tinker is an REPL for Laravel. Access using 'php artisan tinker'. Test code, interact with models, execute queries interactively. Useful for debugging and exploring application state.

What are test factories in Laravel?

Factories generate fake data for testing using Faker library. Created with 'php artisan make:factory'. Define model attributes and relationships. Support states for different scenarios.

How do you handle test environment configuration?

Use .env.testing file for test environment. Configure test database, mail settings, queues. Use config:clear before testing. Support different configurations per test suite.

What is caching in Laravel?

Caching in Laravel stores and retrieves data for faster access. Laravel supports multiple cache drivers (file, database, Redis, Memcached) configured in config/cache.php. Caching improves application performance by reducing database queries and computation.

What are the basic cache operations?

Basic cache operations include Cache::get() to retrieve, Cache::put() to store, Cache::has() to check existence, Cache::forget() to remove items. Also supports Cache::remember() for compute-and-store operations.

What is route caching?

Route caching improves routing performance using 'php artisan route:cache'. Creates a single file of compiled routes. Should be used in production. Must be cleared when routes change using route:clear.

What is config caching?

Config caching combines all configuration files into single cached file using 'php artisan config:cache'. Improves performance by reducing file loading. Must be cleared when configs change using config:clear.

What is view caching?

View caching compiles Blade templates into PHP code. Happens automatically and stored in storage/framework/views. Can be cleared using view:clear. Improves rendering performance.

How do you cache database queries?

Database queries can be cached using remember() method on query builder or Eloquent models. Example: User::remember(60)->get(). Also supports tags and cache invalidation strategies.

What are cache tags?

Cache tags group related items for easy manipulation. Use Cache::tags(['tag'])->put() for storage. Can flush all tagged cache using Cache::tags(['tag'])->flush(). Not all drivers support tagging.

What is eager loading in Laravel?

Eager loading reduces N+1 query problems by loading relationships in advance using with() method. Example: User::with('posts')->get(). Improves performance by reducing database queries.

What is response caching?

Response caching stores HTTP responses using middleware. Configure using Cache-Control headers. Supports client-side and server-side caching. Improves response times for static content.

What is cache key generation?

Cache keys uniquely identify cached items. Use meaningful names and version prefixes. Handle key collisions. Support cache namespacing. Consider key length limits.

What are queues in Laravel?

Queues allow deferring time-consuming tasks for background processing. Laravel supports various queue drivers (database, Redis, SQS, etc.). Queues improve application response time by handling heavy tasks asynchronously.

How do you create a job in Laravel?

Jobs are created using 'php artisan make:job JobName'. Jobs implement ShouldQueue interface. Define handle() method for job logic. Jobs can be dispatched using dispatch() helper or Job::dispatch().

How do you run queue workers?

Queue workers are run using 'php artisan queue:work'. Can specify connection, queue name, and other options. Should be monitored using supervisor or similar process manager in production.

What is job dispatch in Laravel?

Job dispatch sends jobs to queue for processing. Can use dispatch() helper, Job::dispatch(), or DispatchesJobs trait. Supports delayed dispatch and customizing queue/connection.

What are failed jobs?

Failed jobs are tracked in failed_jobs table. Handle failures using failed() method in job class. Can retry failed jobs using queue:retry command. Support custom failure handling.

How do you handle job middleware?

Job middleware intercept job processing. Define middleware in job's middleware() method. Can rate limit, throttle, or modify job behavior. Support global and per-job middleware.

What are job chains?

Job chains execute jobs in sequence using Chain::with(). Later jobs run only if previous ones succeed. Can set chain catch callback for failure handling.

How do you configure queue connections?

Queue connections are configured in config/queue.php. Define driver, connection parameters. Support multiple connections. Can set default connection. Handle queue priorities.

What is job batching?

Job batching processes multiple jobs as group using Bus::batch(). Track batch progress. Handle batch completion and failures. Support adding jobs to existing batch.

How do you handle job events?

Job events track job lifecycle. Listen for job processed, failed events. Handle queue events in EventServiceProvider. Support custom event listeners.

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